5D Library › 发声的生物力学与注意力转移 · English

第一章 气流如何让声带持续振动

肌肉搭台,气流做功

声带是横跨喉部的两条分层组织带,由肌肉、韧带和柔软的黏膜构成。肌肉把它们并拢,设定长度和张力,塑造边缘形状;但并不是肌肉每秒两百次地把它们拉开、合上。这份功是气流做的。这就是发声的肌弹性–空气动力学理论的核心:声带之所以振动,是因为气流与弹性组织共同构成了一个自持振荡器,肌肉只负责设定它的参数 (Titze 1994)。

伯努利效应能解释什么、不能解释什么

肺里的气流挤过狭窄的声门时会加速,按伯努利原理,流速最快处压力最低。许多教科书曾说,正是这种吸力把声带拉拢,从而驱动振动。这只说对了一半。

证据

一个在每个周期都只是把声带拉拢的恒定压力,无法向振荡输入能量:它在闭合途中做的功,会在张开途中抵消掉。提策证明,自持振动要求作用在声带上的压力在张开与闭合两个半周期之间有所不同。这之所以会发生,是因为声带不是整块刚性运动的:一道波沿柔软的覆盖层向上传播,即黏膜波,于是声门在张开时呈收敛形(下宽上窄),在闭合时呈发散形(上宽下窄)(Titze 1988, 1994)。

推导

声门处的气流速度,以及用提策的公式 Pg=Ps(1−aexit/aentry)P_g = P_s(1 – a_{\text{exit}}/a_{\text{entry}}) 计算收敛、平直和发散三种形状下作用在声带上的平均压力(声门上方压力取为零)。

import math

RHO = 1.14          # kg/m³, warm humid air
Ps = 800.0          # Pa, subglottal pressure (about 8 cm H2O, moderately loud singing)

# Bernoulli: the air speeds up through the narrow glottis, v = √(2Ps/ρ).
v = math.sqrt(2 * Ps / RHO)
print(f"jet speed through the glottis ≈ {v:.0f} m/s")

# Intraglottal pressure for a glottis whose entry and exit areas differ
# (Titze 1988, pressure above the glottis taken as zero): P = Ps · (1 − a_exit/a_entry).
def p_intra(a_entry, a_exit):
    return Ps * (1 - a_exit / a_entry)

for shape, ae, ax in (("convergent (opening)", 0.20, 0.10), ("straight", 0.15, 0.15),
                      ("divergent (closing)", 0.10, 0.20)):
    print(f"{shape:22s} entry {ae:.2f} cm², exit {ax:.2f} cm²: "
          f"mean pressure on the folds {p_intra(ae, ax):+5.0f} Pa")

# The folds open while the glottis is convergent (pushed apart) and close while it is
# divergent (pulled together): the force is in step with the motion in both halves of
# the cycle, so the air does net work on the tissue. A straight glottis gives no such
# difference, which is why Bernoulli suction alone cannot sustain vibration.
swing = p_intra(0.20, 0.10) - p_intra(0.10, 0.20)
print(f"pressure swing between opening and closing ≈ {swing:.0f} Pa, in step with the motion")
# jet speed through the glottis ≈ 37 m/s
# convergent (opening)   entry 0.20 cm², exit 0.10 cm²: mean pressure on the folds  +400 Pa
# straight               entry 0.15 cm², exit 0.15 cm²: mean pressure on the folds    +0 Pa
# divergent (closing)    entry 0.10 cm², exit 0.20 cm²: mean pressure on the folds  -800 Pa
# pressure swing between opening and closing ≈ 1200 Pa, in step with the motion

收敛形的声门在张开时被推开;发散形的声门在闭合时被拉拢。两个半周期里,力的方向都与组织正在运动的方向一致,所以气流对组织做了净功,就像在恰当的时刻推秋千。伯努利效应是其中的一部分,但关键在于黏膜波造成的这种不对称。

起振阈压

使声带开始振动所需的最小肺压,称为起振阈压(phonation threshold pressure,PTP)。它对歌者很有用,因为它衡量的是声音起得有多容易:阈压低的嗓子能毫不费力地轻声说话或歌唱,阈压高的嗓子则需要推一把。

证据

对于一个简化的声门,提策推导出

Pth=ktBcξ0T,P_{\text{th}} = \frac{k_t\,B\,c\,\xi_0}{T},

其中 ktk_t 是接近 1 的压力系数,BB 是组织阻尼,cc 是黏膜波速度,ξ0\xi_0 是起振前声门的半宽,TT 是声带厚度 (Titze 1988; Zhang 2010)。健康说话者的阈压约为几厘米水柱,并随音高升高而升高 (Titze 1992)。实验发现,声带水合不足时阈压升高 (Verdolini et al. 1994),长时间大声用嗓之后也会升高 (Solomon and DiMattia 2000)。

推导

把基线归一到 0.30 kPa(约 3 cm H2O),每次改变一个因素,看阈压如何变化。

# Phonation threshold pressure from Titze's small-amplitude model (1988),
# for a glottis of equal upper and lower half-width ξ0:
#     Pth = k_t · B · c · ξ0 / T
# k_t transglottal pressure coefficient, B tissue damping, c mucosal-wave speed,
# ξ0 prephonatory half-width, T vocal-fold thickness.
def pth(B=1.0, c=1.0, xi0=1.0, T=1.0, kt=1.1):
    return kt * B * c * xi0 / T

base = pth()
scale = 0.30 / base                     # normalise the baseline to 0.30 kPa (about 3 cm H2O)
cases = [("baseline", {}),
         ("damping ×1.5 (e.g. dry, fatigued tissue)", {"B": 1.5}),
         ("stiffer cover, mucosal wave 1.3× faster", {"c": 1.3}),
         ("glottis 1.5× wider before onset", {"xi0": 1.5}),
         ("thinner folds (T × 0.7, high pitch)", {"T": 0.7}),
         ("stiffer + more damped together", {"B": 1.5, "c": 1.3})]
for name, kw in cases:
    p = pth(**kw) * scale
    print(f"{name:42s} Pth ≈ {p:.2f} kPa = {p * 10.2:.1f} cm H2O")
# baseline                                   Pth ≈ 0.30 kPa = 3.1 cm H2O
# damping ×1.5 (e.g. dry, fatigued tissue)   Pth ≈ 0.45 kPa = 4.6 cm H2O
# stiffer cover, mucosal wave 1.3× faster    Pth ≈ 0.39 kPa = 4.0 cm H2O
# glottis 1.5× wider before onset            Pth ≈ 0.45 kPa = 4.6 cm H2O
# thinner folds (T × 0.7, high pitch)        Pth ≈ 0.43 kPa = 4.4 cm H2O
# stiffer + more damped together             Pth ≈ 0.59 kPa = 6.0 cm H2O

每个因素都有物理含义。阻尼更大,比如组织干燥或疲劳,每个周期损失的能量更多,就需要更大的压力维持。覆盖层更僵,黏膜波传得更快,阈压随之升高。起振前声门更宽,气流不必带动声带就能漏走。两个中等程度的变化叠加,阈压的升幅是任何一个单独作用时的两到三倍。

紧张、破音与音准

所谓「挤」的歌者,通常同时做了好几件事:更用力地把声带压紧,抬高喉位,绷紧颈部和下颌的肌肉,送出更多的气。其中一些使公式中的参数朝不利方向变化;另一些,比如压紧声带,使声音离开了公式所描述的小振幅范围,进入强碰撞的状态。一个远高于阈压工作的嗓子,调整的余地更小:精细的音高变化需要张力与压力同时精细地改变;而破音(在两个声区之间突然跳变)已知发生在振动系统经过两种振动模式相互竞争的点时 (Titze 1994)。

假说 · 尚未验证

尚未确立。 喉周颈部和下颌肌肉的过度活动,会通过使声带覆盖层变僵、阻尼增加,提高歌者的起振阈压。该假说预测:同一天用同样的设备测量,在固定音高下,歌者在表面肌电显示喉周肌肉高度活动时的阈压,高于做完一段降低这种活动的简短放松练习之后。如果在一项预注册的歌者自身对照研究中,表面肌电改变了而阈压没有变化,假说就被推翻。

注

正规测量起振阈压需要口内压力管或气流面罩,以及受过训练的操作者。第八章使用的是任何老师都能用免费软件完成的更简单的测量。

参考文献

Solomon, N. P., and M. S. DiMattia. 2000. “Effects of a Vocally Fatiguing Task and Systemic Hydration on Phonation Threshold Pressure.” Journal of Voice 14 (3): 341–62.
Titze, Ingo R. 1988. “The Physics of Small-Amplitude Oscillation of the Vocal Folds.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 83 (4): 1536–52.
Titze, Ingo R. 1992. “Phonation Threshold Pressure: A Missing Link in Glottal Aerodynamics.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 91 (5): 2926–35.
Titze, Ingo R. 1994. Principles of Voice Production. Prentice Hall.
Verdolini, K., I. R. Titze, and A. Fennell. 1994. “Dependence of Phonatory Effort on Hydration Level.” Journal of Speech and Hearing Research 37 (5): 1001–7.
Zhang, Zhaoyan. 2010. “Dependence of Phonation Threshold Pressure and Frequency on Vocal Fold Geometry and Biomechanics.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 127 (4): 2554–62.

Fan, Y. (2026). The Biomechanics of Phonation and Attentional Shift: Myoelastic-Aerodynamic Theory, the Singer's Formant, Auditory-Motor Feedback and External Focus of Attention [发声的生物力学与注意力转移] (Version 1.0.0). 5D Library. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.23719625 · Licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0).